Dietary cholesterol and myocardial infarction in the Million Veteran Program
Abstract: Background: Coronary artery disease is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States. Coronary artery disease can lead to major complications including myocardial infarction (MI). The association of dietary cholesterol with coronary artery disease remains inconsistent. We examined the relation of dietary cholesterol with the incidence of MI among participants of the Million Veteran Program. Methods and results: The Million Veteran Program is a prospective cohort database collecting genetic and nongenetic factors influencing chronic diseases. We analyzed data from 180 156 veterans with complete information on relevant dietary intake. The association between dietary cholesterol and MI risk was assessed using both linear and nonlinear models. Statistical significance was determined using the Wald test for linear trends and the likelihood ratio test for nonlinearity, alongside comparisons between high (≥300 mg/d) and low (<300 mg/d) cholesterol intake groups. In this study of 180 156 veterans with mean follow-up of 3.5 years, we observed a linear, dose-response association between dietary cholesterol intake and risk of MI, with every 100-mg/d increment in cholesterol intake associated with a 5% higher MI risk (relative risk [RR], 1.05 [95% CI, 1.02-1.08]). Subjects consuming >300 mg/d of cholesterol had a 15% increased MI risk compared with those consuming less (RR, 1.15 [95% CI, 1.06-1.25]). Conclusions: We found that dietary cholesterol intake was linearly associated with greater risk of MI. These findings contribute to the growing literature highlighting the impact dietary cholesterol has on cardiovascular health. Reductions in cholesterol intake, which can be achieved by decreasing the intake of meat and eggs, may reduce the risk of incident MI.